Glenn Reynolds' "An Army of Davids" tours the horizon as advancing technologies increasingly let individuals productively move away from mass organizations back to humanity's artesanal roots. He addresses these individuals' principal tools (microchips, software, fiber optics and sensors), their crucial support systems (comfy chairs in third places offering caffeine), their prominent applications (news and analysis, entertainment and fashions, security), and new tools that will empower their crafts in the future: nanotech, biotech, and spacetech. He extrapolates these advances towards a new horizon: the Singularity, where tools themselves become sentient and design even newer tools taking our technology beyond human ken.
Reynolds' keen eye highlights numerous anecdotes that illustrate his theses well. The huge information flow he has attracted with his influential commentary on current events at his Instapundit blog serves his book readers well. His blog readers send him hundreds of emails a day with news about his wide-ranging interests, which season his own ongoing search for valuable reading and, increasingly, audio and video materials about those interests. With clever turns of phrase, he gives readers his own perspective on those stories, building up a strong case for his own general optimism for the direction technology is taking humanity.
He chooses his aphorists well, writing about and quoting many analysts who pithily shed light about the trends he finds compelling. For those who want a deeper analysis, he provides many references to the analysts he respects on his chosen topics. He is quite fair in discussing the ideas of technological pessimists, honestly admitting the dangers that arise when evil individuals have the same access to powerful tools as the good. If you end up sharing his optimism about these trends, it's not because he has only presented one side of the story.
And just what is Reynolds' story? He describes the humanity's transition from the small scale enterprises characterizing the hundreds of centuries from the Neolithic to the Industrial Revolution to the Dilbert Interlude of large scale enterprise encompassing the two centuries past, and then back to small scale enterprises again coordinated by the power of microchips, software, and fiber optics. He tells it with rich, lively illustrations and great sympathy for its participants. Importantly, he focuses on how this affects us in America today, and how it's likely to change America going forward. His focus on America leaves out a lot -- in terms of global population, the huge and ongoing shift of Chinese off the farms and into new industrial enterprises (Dilbert lives!) shows that industrialization is far from over -- but does effectively capture the leading edge of this shift in the efficient economic scale for various activities.
Reynolds tells his story pretty much wearing his blogger/journalist hat. He's a lawyer by trade, but he doesn't use the law as an analytical framework very much. His discussion of the comfy chair revolution ends up at the boundaries of acceptable public conduct, and his discussion of home-made content ends up at Big Media's regulatory restrictions, but generally he focuses on observations that appeal to a wider public, and even where he gets into these specialized discussions, you can certainly argue that the wider public's interests would be better served in it took an interest in these kinds of regulatory issues. Most of what he includes is "gee whiz, that's really neat."
In terms of tying it all together, his Army of Davids theme is very successful. The Internet and blogging have enabled ad-hoc coalitions to quickly form around important subjects and bring effective pressure to bear on institutions that previously enjoyed immunity from public pressure. He lists several instances where people in pajamas took on the suits and won, and since his book came out, they just keep coming. Hilton Hotel's Brian Kelleher, for example, might have behaved quite differently if he read AoD before his email account crashed with protests about Fran O'Brien's' closing, and the Hilton Corporations of the world will find it a lot harder to recover from their missteps now that bloggers can get inside their decision cycle.
Still, Reynolds could have enriched his Army of Davids theme even more by discussing Chris Anderson's Long Tail analysis. Perhaps because he thinks of economics as equilibrium and learning curves as military, he missed taking his connection of diversity as a consequence of capitalism with the possibilities for corps, divisions, regiments, battalions, companies, platoons, squads, and fire teams of Davids. More analysis of how the Internet unites and empowers small groups to pursue their own distinct interests definitely could have improved the analysis, and would have highlighted the diversity that characterizes the blogosphere between the occasional blogswarm that groups everyone together. And it does take a blogswarm to bring down a goliath.
One of the neat things about industrialization was that it finally allowed great designs to be mass-produced, so that rather than buying an indifferently designed pistol from your local artisan, you could buy a masterpiece of design from Sam Colt. That doesn't mean that industrialists never produced schlock, but the onset of aggregation, uniformity and economies of scale in the 19th and 20th centuries brought us some wonderful benefits that we still enjoy when great designs are mass produced. Where diversity, variety and efficiences in small-scale and one-off production pay off is in trying out new possibilities to find the important innovations that will captivate a broad public. People increasingly can make a living with the small successes thanks to the long tail, and comfortably make a lot more of the trials that we inescapably have to attempt before something big comes along to change the terms the goliaths operate on.
All those little trials attempted by all those Davids ensure that breakthroughs keep on coming, and the breakthroughs fuel economic growth. Reynolds isn't an economist, but one hopes he could take the time to learn about churn from Michael Cox and Donal Hicks and combinatorially-growing economic diversity from Stuart Kauffman and John Holland. John Holland's comments on software improvements versus hardware improvements might give him a useful perspective to consider Kurzweil's analysis about the Singularity. AI's progress simply hasn't kept pace with Moore's Law. and the fact that we'll have faster and cheaper processing power doesn't mean that computers will develop design abilities or self-awareness. Those combinatorially-growing possibilities leave a lot decision space to explore. By comparison, chess is child's play, so that when we start asking AI to deal with the real world without our language instincts, we're going to have to laugh at their stumbles. Looking through the warehouses full of failed consumer products or the crazy patents people spent good money to file will seem like solid common sense in comparison.
For someone without formal economic training, Reynolds does pick up on some very good points. In terms of analyzing new technologies, stasists tend to focus on unknown costs to scare the rest of us away from floating any trial balloons. Like a good dynamist, Reynolds rightly notes that the benefits are also unknown, and may make any risky trials well worth taking. Stasists underestimate the number of good people out there trying to make new technologies serve mankind, whether motivated by profit opportunities or altruism. There's a natural bias for people to extract the good that technologies offer us, and Reynolds picks up on that optimistic bias. He has a very nice discussion on prizes, too, as a economical way of motivating people to look for good things.
He misses some points too, though. Thousands of artisans may take away a bit of Budweiser's market at the margins, but brewing beer isn't an activity that's enjoyed declining costs. You're not going to see a new brewer come along and sweep Bud aside. Info processing has had huge declines in costs, though, letting the producers of "Open Water" spend weekends in the Bahamas and come home with footage that can put Hollywood studios to shame. Glenn doesn't properly distinguish between the impact of the different kinds of Davids. The Open Water folks have created a mass household in a way the local brewer never will.
This carries over into his take on the impacts of future technologies as well. Nanotech and biotech are essentially information-processing technologies that are destined to generate enormous transformations of just what people do, generating tremendous opportunities for what Jane Jacobs characterized as new work. Spacetech, on the other hand, is a matter-moving technology. While space elevators are sure to provide dramatic decreases in costs per pound to reach orbit, it's not clear what matter is out in space that can't be found more conveniently here on Earth. As geology and geophysics advance, we're finding hugely-rich mineral resources under just a few feet of seawater. For oil, this hasn't kept resources from turning into reserves and production. For metals, a few feet of seawater might as well put those resources on the far side of the moon in terms of our likelihood of ever producing from them. Earth mining is likely to stay more efficient than space mining for a very long time. Certainly the costs of providing air to miners in space aren't likely to be competitive any time soon.
And if space is mainly a tourist business, which does seem viable as combinatorially-advancing technologies put geometrically-increasing wealth in the hands of more and more Davids who will buy air in outer space, it doesn't seem too likely to protect humanity from some galloping plague. Commercial ties make the remotest settlements vulnerable, as permafrost burials from the 1918 flu epidemic show. If the government's going to invest in technologies to keep humanity going in any event, the money ought to go into subsidizing good guys biotech so the keep ahead of the virus hackers, rather than encouraging pleasure jaunts to Jupiter.
That's not to say we don't need to occupy the high ground. For defense, space offers unparalleled dominance. Turn Project Orion over to the Navy, and we'll see nuclear-powered spacecraft carriers guarding our shores and commerce from any physical attacks, and have a way to reach out and touch anyone anywhere who tries to sneak in with infotech, nanotech, or biotech subversion. The riches created by an Army of Davids exploring the possibilities opened up by collapsing costs in all these information-processing technologies will make that affordable, especially with space elevators to cheaply take the bombs up without setting any off in the atmosphere.
Reynolds' merits in this work far outweigh any lacunae from his somewhat imperfect understanding of and attention to economics. He's right on the money in trusting our security to packs educated by wargaming, rather than bureaucratic shepherds checking little old ladies for shoebombs. Horizontal knowledge and swarming are going to make those herds incredibly powerful, and not just against terrorists. Politicians are starting to learn just what Porkbusters are capable of. We're entering into a golden era where economic diversity leads to rapid stable growth, as Davids keep needing to hire more people to take advantage of all their inventions and discoveries. And they won't be able to hire them unless they're "..helping people to do what they want to do, not getting them to do what you want them to," as Reynolds says. The Singularity it's not, but we're very likely to appreciate the advent of those projuvenation technologies that let us stick around to see it all (and if you don't know about that, Reynolds gives you a nice introduction).
So, read the Army of Davids and see where the future might be taking us. Just take it with a grain of salt here and there. Reynolds always has at least the gist of what's going on, if not the exact details. He's already living much of what will be the future for many of us. As William Gibson said many times, "As I've said many times, the future is already here. It's just not very evenly distributed." And Reynolds was pretty darn close when he put the words "The future has already arrived -- it's just not evenly distributed" in Gibson's mouth.